{"name":"Non-alcoholic beer rules in Asia and the Middle East","url":"https://getsoma.store/non-alcoholic-beer-rules","publisher":"SOMA","checked":"2026-10-02","notice":"General information, not legal advice. Laws change, so confirm with the regulator before relying on a rule.","reuse":"Free to reuse with credit to SOMA and a link to https://getsoma.store/non-alcoholic-beer-rules","jurisdictions":[{"id":"uae","name":"United Arab Emirates","region":"The Middle East","url":"https://getsoma.store/non-alcoholic-beer-rules#uae","alcoholic_from":"Not found in UAE law we could read. Customs uses the Harmonized System, which treats 0.5% or less as non-alcoholic.","non_alcoholic_label_terms":"The Gulf regulation is GSO 1027:2021, \"Malt Beverage\" (شراب الشعير). Whether the UAE has adopted it, and its alcohol limit, are not verified.","sale_rules":"Alcohol may be brought in and sold only through authorised establishments. We found no age or licence rule for non-alcoholic beer.","detail":["In the United Arab Emirates, we could not find a federal law that sets the alcohol level at which a drink becomes alcoholic. For customs, the UAE uses the Harmonized System, which classes a drink at 0.5% alcohol by volume or less as non-alcoholic and gives non-alcoholic beer its own heading.","The six Gulf states share a technical regulation for these drinks, GSO 1027:2021, which calls the product a malt beverage (شراب الشعير, \"barley drink\"). Its alcohol limit is in the part of the text that is sold rather than published, and we have not verified it, or whether the UAE has adopted it under its own code.","According to the US Department of Agriculture's 2025 report on the UAE, food labels must be in Arabic, and any other language on the label must give the same information. The same report says the UAE checks alcohol residues in food against UAE.S/GSO 2538:2021, which allows up to 0.1% in juices and 0.02% in most other foods, and that alcohol may be brought in and sold only through authorised establishments. We found no official rule on an age limit or a licence for buying non-alcoholic beer."],"sources":[{"label":"GSO 1027:2021 Malt Beverage, GCC Standardization Organization catalogue","url":"https://www.gso.org.sa/store/standards/GSO:780918/GSO%201027:2021?lang=en","kind":"primary"},{"label":"Harmonized System Nomenclature 2022, Chapter 22, Note 3 and subheading 2202.91, World Customs Organization","url":"https://www.wcoomd.org/-/media/wco/public/global/pdf/topics/nomenclature/instruments-and-tools/hs-nomenclature-2022/2022/0422_2022e.pdf","kind":"primary"},{"label":"USDA Foreign Agricultural Service, FAIRS Country Report, United Arab Emirates (TC2025-0008), 21 November 2025","url":"https://apps.fas.usda.gov/newgainapi/api/Report/DownloadReportByFileName?fileName=FAIRS%20Country%20Report%20Annual_Dubai_United%20Arab%20Emirates_TC2025-0008.pdf","kind":"secondary"}]},{"id":"saudi-arabia","name":"Saudi Arabia","region":"The Middle East","url":"https://getsoma.store/non-alcoholic-beer-rules#saudi-arabia","alcoholic_from":"No numeric line found. The import of alcoholic beverages is prohibited.","non_alcoholic_label_terms":"GSO 1027:2021, \"Malt Beverage\", was prepared under Saudi Arabia's lead. Its alcohol limit is not verified.","sale_rules":"Not verified.","detail":["In Saudi Arabia, the import of alcoholic beverages is prohibited, according to the US alcohol trade regulator's country page, which was last reviewed in 2011. We did not find a Saudi text that sets an alcohol level for non-alcoholic beer. Saudi Arabia is still one of the ten largest markets for no-alcohol beer, according to the drinks research firm IWSR.","The Gulf regulation for malt beverages, GSO 1027:2021, was prepared under Saudi Arabia's lead in the Gulf standards body. Its alcohol limit is in the part of the text that is not published, and we have not verified it.","In 2013, Saudi Arabia's Ministry of Commerce stopped restaurants and hotels from using the names of wines on food. It cited a fatwa from the Permanent Committee for Scholarly Research and Ifta that also covered the phrase \"wine without alcohol\", because the name resembles something forbidden. The notice names wine and does not mention beer. Food labels in Saudi Arabia must be in Arabic or carry an Arabic translation, according to the US Department of Agriculture's 2024 report."],"sources":[{"label":"Ministry of Commerce, notice on wine names on foodstuffs, 6 November 2013","url":"https://mc.gov.sa/en/mediacenter/News/Pages/6nov.aspx","kind":"primary"},{"label":"GSO 1027:2021 Malt Beverage, GCC Standardization Organization catalogue","url":"https://www.gso.org.sa/store/standards/GSO:780918/GSO%201027:2021?lang=en","kind":"primary"},{"label":"US Alcohol and Tobacco Tax and Trade Bureau, International Affairs Resources for Saudi Arabia (reviewed 2011)","url":"https://www.ttb.gov/import-export/itd/international-affairs-resources-for-saudi-arabia","kind":"secondary"},{"label":"USDA Foreign Agricultural Service, FAIRS Country Report, Saudi Arabia (SA2024-0005), 5 July 2024","url":"https://apps.fas.usda.gov/newgainapi/api/Report/DownloadReportByFileName?fileName=FAIRS%20Country%20Report%20Annual_Riyadh_Saudi%20Arabia_SA2024-0005.pdf","kind":"secondary"}]},{"id":"kuwait","name":"Kuwait","region":"The Middle East","url":"https://getsoma.store/non-alcoholic-beer-rules#kuwait","alcoholic_from":"Alcoholic beverages, and foods that contain alcohol, may not be brought into the country.","non_alcoholic_label_terms":"Non-alcoholic beverages may be brought in only at 0.05% alcohol or less, according to a 2012 US report.","sale_rules":"Not verified. The same report says labels may not show a picture of alcohol.","detail":["Kuwait prohibits the import of alcoholic beverages and of foods that contain alcohol. A 2012 US Department of Agriculture report states that non-alcoholic beverages have been allowed in since late 2000, provided their alcohol level does not exceed 0.05%. The US alcohol trade regulator's page on Kuwait, reviewed in March 2026, repeats that figure and cites the same report.","The same report says a product may not enter Kuwait if its label shows a picture of alcohol, even when the product contains none, and that labels must give the required information in Arabic. We have not found a current Kuwaiti text that confirms these rules."],"sources":[{"label":"USDA Foreign Agricultural Service, Food and Agricultural Import Regulations and Standards, Kuwait, 20 June 2012","url":"https://apps.fas.usda.gov/newgainapi/api/Report/DownloadReportByFileName?fileName=Food%20and%20Agricultural%20Import%20Regulations%20and%20Standards%20-%20Narrative_Dubai_Kuwait_6-20-2012.pdf","kind":"secondary"},{"label":"US Alcohol and Tobacco Tax and Trade Bureau, International Affairs Resources for Kuwait (reviewed 11 March 2026)","url":"https://www.ttb.gov/import-export/itd/international-affairs-resources-for-kuwait","kind":"secondary"}]},{"id":"qatar","name":"Qatar","region":"The Middle East","url":"https://getsoma.store/non-alcoholic-beer-rules#qatar","alcoholic_from":"The import of alcoholic beverages is restricted to one organisation.","non_alcoholic_label_terms":"\"Barley beverage (non-alcoholic beer)\": at most 0.05% alcohol, according to a 2011 US report.","sale_rules":"Advertising alcoholic beverages is prohibited. Rules for non-alcoholic beer are not verified.","detail":["In Qatar, the import of alcoholic beverages is restricted to one organisation and the government controls their sale, according to a 2011 US Department of Agriculture report. The same report gives a maximum alcohol content of 0.05% for barley beverages sold as non-alcoholic beer, and says advertising of alcoholic beverages is prohibited.","We have not found a current Qatari text that confirms the 0.05% figure, or a rule on who may buy non-alcoholic beer."],"sources":[{"label":"USDA Foreign Agricultural Service, Food and Agricultural Import Regulations and Standards, Qatar (QA 02-2010), 14 June 2011","url":"https://apps.fas.usda.gov/newgainapi/api/Report/DownloadReportByFileName?fileName=Food%20and%20Agricultural%20Import%20Regulations%20and%20Standards%20-%20Narrative_Dubai_Qatar_6-14-2011.pdf","kind":"secondary"}]},{"id":"bahrain","name":"Bahrain","region":"The Middle East","url":"https://getsoma.store/non-alcoholic-beer-rules#bahrain","alcoholic_from":"Not verified.","non_alcoholic_label_terms":"Bahrain adopted the Gulf malt beverage regulation as its own technical regulation, BH GSO 1027:2022, in April 2022. Its alcohol limit is not verified.","sale_rules":"Not verified.","detail":["Bahrain has adopted the Gulf regulation for non-alcoholic malt beverages as a national technical regulation, BH GSO 1027:2022, approved on 28 April 2022. Its scope is non-alcoholic malt beverages intended for direct human consumption. Its alcohol limit is in the part of the text that is not published, and we have not verified it.","We have not verified Bahrain's legal alcohol threshold or its rules on who may buy non-alcoholic beer."],"sources":[{"label":"BH GSO 1027:2022 Malt Beverage, Bahrain Standards and Metrology Directorate","url":"https://bsmd.moic.gov.bh/store/standards/BSMD:780918/BH%20GSO%201027:2022?lang=en","kind":"primary"}]},{"id":"oman","name":"Oman","region":"The Middle East","url":"https://getsoma.store/non-alcoholic-beer-rules#oman","alcoholic_from":"Not verified. Alcohol is limited to licensed import companies.","non_alcoholic_label_terms":"OS GSO 1027:2021, \"Malt Beverage\", is listed as an Omani Standard. Its alcohol limit is not verified.","sale_rules":"Non-alcoholic beer needs an import licence and is tested on entry, according to a 2011 US report.","detail":["Oman lists the Gulf text for malt beverages as an Omani Standard, OS GSO 1027:2021. Whether it is mandatory in Oman, and its alcohol limit, are not verified.","A 2011 US Department of Agriculture report states that non-alcoholic beer needs an import licence from Oman's commerce ministry and is tested at the point of entry, and that alcoholic beverages are limited to licensed import companies. We have not found a current Omani text that confirms these rules."],"sources":[{"label":"OS GSO 1027:2021 Malt Beverage, Directorate General for Specifications and Measurements, Oman","url":"https://dgsm.gso.org.sa/store/standards/DGSM:780918?lang=en","kind":"primary"},{"label":"USDA Foreign Agricultural Service, Food and Agricultural Import Regulations and Standards, Oman, 14 June 2011","url":"https://apps.fas.usda.gov/newgainapi/api/Report/DownloadReportByFileName?fileName=Food%20and%20Agricultural%20Import%20Regulations%20and%20Standards%20-%20Narrative_Dubai_Oman_6-14-2011.pdf","kind":"secondary"}]},{"id":"egypt","name":"Egypt","region":"The Middle East","url":"https://getsoma.store/non-alcoholic-beer-rules#egypt","alcoholic_from":"Not verified.","non_alcoholic_label_terms":"Egyptian Standard ES 1765/2016, \"Non-Alcoholic Barley Drink\", is mandatory. Its alcohol limit is not verified.","sale_rules":"Not verified.","detail":["Egypt regulates these drinks under Egyptian Standard ES 1765/2016, \"Non-Alcoholic Barley Drink\", which Ministerial Decree No. 256/2016 made mandatory for producers and importers. A 2019 amendment added a requirement to show the production and expiry dates. We have not verified the standard's alcohol limit."],"sources":[{"label":"WTO notification G/TBT/N/EGY/93/Add.1, adoption of ES 1765/2016 (Ministerial Decree No. 256/2016), 15 August 2016","url":"https://www.eos.org.eg/ckfinder/userfiles/files/egy93a1.pdf","kind":"primary"},{"label":"WTO notification G/TBT/N/EGY/93/Add.2, partial amendment of ES 1765 (Ministerial Decree No. 100/2019), 15 May 2019","url":"https://eos.org.eg/ckfinder/userfiles/files/egy93a2.pdf","kind":"primary"}]},{"id":"jordan","name":"Jordan","region":"The Middle East","url":"https://getsoma.store/non-alcoholic-beer-rules#jordan","alcoholic_from":"Not verified.","non_alcoholic_label_terms":"A 2025 draft standard sets ethanol at 0.05% or less and names the drink شراب الشعير (barley drink). It is a draft and not yet approved.","sale_rules":"Not verified.","detail":["Jordan's standards body has issued a draft revision of its standard for non-alcoholic malt beverages, DJS 1402:2025. The draft sets a maximum ethanol content of 0.05% by volume and requires the Arabic product name شراب الشعير (barley drink) or شراب شعير خالٍ من الكحول (barley drink free of alcohol). It does not list the word beer (بيرة) among the allowed names.","The draft was issued for a vote and may not be cited as a Jordanian standard until it is approved, so it is not yet in force. It also requires the product to meet Jordan's halal standard."],"sources":[{"label":"Jordan Standards and Metrology Organization, draft standard DJS 1402:2025, Non-Alcoholic Malt Beverage (Arabic)","url":"https://jsmo.gov.jo/EBV4.0/Root_Storage/AR/EB_UsefullLinks/%D8%B4%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D8%B9%D9%8A%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A_%D9%85%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D8%AD%D9%88%D9%84.pdf","kind":"primary"}]},{"id":"turkiye","name":"Türkiye","region":"The Middle East","url":"https://getsoma.store/non-alcoholic-beer-rules#turkiye","alcoholic_from":"Not verified. The law we read gives no number.","non_alcoholic_label_terms":"No term defined. A non-alcoholic drink made by processing an alcoholic-category product must state how much alcohol it still contains.","sale_rules":"An alcoholic drink's brand may not appear on a non-alcoholic drink, and the reverse. Alcoholic drinks may not be sold to under-18s.","detail":["In Türkiye, Law No. 4250 bans the advertising and promotion of alcoholic drinks. Article 6 also says that no brand or distinguishing mark of an alcoholic drink may be used on a non-alcoholic drink, and that no mark of a non-alcoholic drink may be used on an alcoholic one. The article was last amended on 11 June 2026.","Under the same article, a non-alcoholic drink made by processing a product in the alcoholic-drinks category must state on the pack how much alcohol it still contains. Alcoholic drinks may not be sold to anyone under 18, or sold in shops between 10 pm and 6 am. We did not find the alcohol level at which Turkish law counts a drink as alcoholic, so we have not verified whether these rules reach a drink under 0.5%."],"sources":[{"label":"Law No. 4250, Articles 6 and 7, consolidated text as amended to 11 June 2026, Presidency legislation portal (Turkish)","url":"https://www.mevzuat.gov.tr/MevzuatMetin/1.3.4250.pdf","kind":"primary"}]},{"id":"india","name":"India","region":"South Asia","url":"https://getsoma.store/non-alcoholic-beer-rules#india","alcoholic_from":"More than 0.5% ABV is an \"alcoholic beverage\" under the FSSAI regulations.","non_alcoholic_label_terms":"FSSAI rules have no standard called non-alcoholic beer, and \"alcohol free beer\" means 0.0%. The BIS standard IS 12544 defines non-alcoholic beer as under 0.5%.","sale_rules":"Alcohol licensing, sale and age rules are set by each state. This page does not summarise them.","detail":["In India, the Food Safety and Standards (Alcoholic Beverages) Regulations, 2018 define an alcoholic beverage as one containing more than 0.5% alcohol by volume (regulation 1.2.3). The regulations have no standard called non-alcoholic beer. Since December 2020, they have listed \"alcohol free beer\" as a beer with an ABV of 0.0 that meets the limits for regular beer in every other respect (regulation 4.1).","The Bureau of Indian Standards has a separate standard, IS 12544:1988, which defines non-alcoholic beer as a beverage containing less than 0.5% ethyl alcohol by volume, made by alcoholic fermentation or otherwise. BIS lists it as reaffirmed in November 2023.","Alcohol licensing, sale and age rules in India are set by each state, and this page does not summarise them. Nationally, the Central Consumer Protection Authority's 2022 guidelines ban surrogate advertising, which includes an advertisement that uses the brand name, logo, colour or layout of a product whose advertising is restricted."],"sources":[{"label":"FSSAI, Food Safety and Standards (Alcoholic Beverages) Regulations, 2018, compendium version V, 1 December 2025, regulations 1.2.3 and 4.1","url":"https://fssai.gov.in/upload/uploadfiles/files/Comp_Alcoholic_Beverages_01_12_2025.pdf","kind":"primary"},{"label":"Bureau of Indian Standards, IS 12544:1988 Carbonated Beverages Non-Alcoholic Beer, catalogue entry","url":"https://services.bis.gov.in/php/BIS_2.0/bisconnect/knowyourstandards/Indian_standards/isdetails/MzkzNQ==","kind":"primary"},{"label":"IS 12544:1988 text, clauses 3.1 and 4.1 (Public.Resource.Org copy)","url":"https://law.resource.org/pub/in/bis/S06/is.12544.1988.pdf","kind":"primary"},{"label":"Central Consumer Protection Authority, Guidelines for Prevention of Misleading Advertisements, 9 June 2022, guidelines 2(1)(h) and 6","url":"https://ccpa.doca.gov.in/files/CCPA_Notification.pdf","kind":"primary"}]},{"id":"sri-lanka","name":"Sri Lanka","region":"South Asia","url":"https://getsoma.store/non-alcoholic-beer-rules#sri-lanka","alcoholic_from":"1% or more is an \"alcohol product\" under the NATA Act. The Excise Ordinance defines liquor to include any liquid containing alcohol, with no percentage.","non_alcoholic_label_terms":"No food-standard term found. Customs has a line for non-alcoholic beer.","sale_rules":"No sale of alcohol products (1% or more) to anyone under 21. Alcohol brands may not appear on other goods.","detail":["In Sri Lanka, the National Authority on Tobacco and Alcohol Act defines an alcohol product as a beverage containing 1% alcohol or more, and bans selling such products to anyone under 21. The same Act bans selling any other article that carries the trade mark, logo or brand name of an alcohol product.","Sri Lanka's Excise Ordinance defines liquor to include beer and \"all liquid consisting of or containing alcohol\", without a minimum percentage. Customs guidance says non-alcoholic beer needs food inspection but not the Excise Department's import approval."],"sources":[{"label":"National Authority on Tobacco and Alcohol Act, No. 27 of 2006, sections 31, 38 and 45 (government print)","url":"https://assets.tobaccocontrollaws.org/uploads/legislation/Sri%20Lanka/Sri-Lanka-Act-No.-27-of-2006.pdf","kind":"primary"},{"label":"Sri Lanka Customs, National Imports Tariff Guide 2025, preamble (Chapter 22 approvals)","url":"https://www.customs.gov.lk/wp-content/uploads/2025/10/Preamble%20intergrated.pdf","kind":"primary"},{"label":"Excise Ordinance No. 8 of 1912, section 2 (unofficial consolidation to 2019)","url":"https://lankalaw.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/Excise-Ordinance-Consolidated-2024.pdf","kind":"secondary"}]},{"id":"bangladesh","name":"Bangladesh","region":"South Asia","url":"https://getsoma.store/non-alcoholic-beer-rules#bangladesh","alcoholic_from":"Liquids with more than 0.5% alcohol are controlled substances, and beer means a brewed drink with not less than 0.5%.","non_alcoholic_label_terms":"No term in the Act. Customs treats non-alcoholic beer as a food import, with no narcotics licence listed.","sale_rules":"Drinking alcohol needs a permit, and a Muslim may receive one only on medical prescription.","detail":["In Bangladesh, the Narcotics Control Act, 2018 defines beer as a malt-and-hops drink brewed with not less than 0.5% alcohol, and its schedule lists liquids with more than 0.5% alcohol as controlled substances. No one may drink alcohol without a permit, and a Muslim may receive one only on a written medical prescription.","The National Board of Revenue's import guide gives non-alcoholic beer its own customs line and treats it as a food import that needs a certificate of fitness for human consumption, not a narcotics import licence. The guide says it has no legal force."],"sources":[{"label":"Narcotics Control Act, 2018 (Act No. 63 of 2018), sections 2(24) and 11, Laws of Bangladesh (Bangla)","url":"http://bdlaws.minlaw.gov.bd/act-print-1276.html","kind":"primary"},{"label":"National Board of Revenue, Bangladesh Customs Import Export Hub, HS 2202.91.00 import guide, 9 February 2025","url":"https://hub.bangladeshcustoms.gov.bd/hs-code-details/download/import/1523","kind":"primary"}]},{"id":"pakistan","name":"Pakistan","region":"South Asia","url":"https://getsoma.store/non-alcoholic-beer-rules#pakistan","alcoholic_from":"No percentage. \"Intoxicating liquor\" includes beer and all liquids containing alcohol normally used for intoxication.","non_alcoholic_label_terms":"No term found in any statute or standard we read.","sale_rules":"Importing, making, selling or serving any intoxicant is an offence unless licensed.","detail":["In Pakistan, the Prohibition (Enforcement of Hadd) Order, 1979 does not give a percentage for alcohol. It defines intoxicating liquor to include beer and all liquids containing alcohol that are normally used for intoxication, and it makes importing, making, selling or serving any intoxicant an offence unless licensed. We found no statute or standard that defines non-alcoholic beer, so how a drink under 0.5% is classed is not verified."],"sources":[{"label":"Prohibition (Enforcement of Hadd) Order, 1979 (P.O. 4 of 1979), Articles 2, 3 and 6 (Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Excise Department copy)","url":"https://www.kpexcise.gov.pk/app/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/THE-PROHIBITION-ENFORCEMENT-OF-HADD-ORDER-1979..pdf","kind":"primary"}]},{"id":"bhutan","name":"Bhutan","region":"South Asia","url":"https://getsoma.store/non-alcoholic-beer-rules#bhutan","alcoholic_from":"More than 0.5% ABV is intoxicating liquor, since 1 January 2026.","non_alcoholic_label_terms":"Non-alcoholic beer has its own tax line and is still taxed as an excisable good.","sale_rules":"Non-alcoholic beer carries 50% excise tax and 50% customs duty.","detail":["Since 1 January 2026, Bhutan's Excise Tax Act treats a drink as intoxicating liquor only if it contains more than 0.5% alcohol by volume, or by mass. The same Act still lists non-alcoholic beer as an excisable good taxed at 50%, and the Customs Duty Act charges 50% duty on it."],"sources":[{"label":"Excise Tax Act of Bhutan 2025, sections 2 and 200(17) and Schedule 1, Department of Revenue and Customs","url":"https://www.drc.gov.bt/wp-content/uploads/2025/10/Excise-Tax-Act-of-Bhutan-2025-2.pdf","kind":"primary"},{"label":"Customs Duty Act of Bhutan 2021, Department of Revenue and Customs","url":"https://www.drc.gov.bt/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/Custom-Duty-Act-of-Bhutan-2021_0.pdf","kind":"primary"}]},{"id":"maldives","name":"Maldives","region":"South Asia","url":"https://getsoma.store/non-alcoholic-beer-rules#maldives","alcoholic_from":"No published percentage found. Bringing in liquor needs a licence.","non_alcoholic_label_terms":"None found.","sale_rules":"Alcohol is available only on resort islands or under a special licence.","detail":["The Maldives prohibits bringing in liquor and alcoholic products except under a licence, under the Import Prohibition Act, and alcohol is available only on resort islands or under a special licence. We found no published alcohol limit that separates non-alcoholic beer from alcoholic drinks. In 2019, customs officers recalled a drink sold as non-alcoholic beer after tests found 0.3% alcohol, according to a news report."],"sources":[{"label":"WTO notification G/MA/QR/N/MDV/1, prohibition on bringing in liquor and alcoholic products, 30 October 2019","url":"https://qr.wto.org/en/qrs/3083","kind":"primary"},{"label":"US International Trade Administration, Maldives country commercial guide, trade barriers, 4 March 2026","url":"https://www.trade.gov/country-commercial-guides/maldives-trade-barriers","kind":"secondary"},{"label":"Maldives Independent, report of a customs recall, 29 July 2019","url":"https://maldivesindependent.com/society/maldives-customs-recalls-beverage-with-alcohol-vapour-146980","kind":"secondary"}]},{"id":"malaysia","name":"Malaysia","region":"Southeast Asia","url":"https://getsoma.store/non-alcoholic-beer-rules#malaysia","alcoholic_from":"More than 0.5% ABV is an alcoholic beverage, since 1 April 2026. Before that, the line was more than 2%.","non_alcoholic_label_terms":"No category called non-alcoholic beer. A beer with the alcohol separated out to 0.5% or less must be labelled \"dealcoholised\" and may not be called non-alcoholic. The word \"beer\" needs more than 2% ABV.","sale_rules":"Alcoholic and dealcoholised beverages may not be sold to anyone under 21 and must be shelved apart from other food.","detail":["In Malaysia, the Food Regulations 1985 have treated a drink as an alcoholic beverage when it contains more than 0.5% alcohol by volume since 1 April 2026. Before that date, the line was more than 2%.","Malaysian law has no category called non-alcoholic beer. A beer made by separating the alcohol out, which leaves 0.5% or less, is a \"dealcoholised alcoholic beverage\" under regulation 386B. Its label must join the word \"dealcoholised\" to the drink's name, may not use words such as \"non-alcoholic\" or \"soft drink\", and must carry the same warnings as an alcoholic drink.","Malaysia's Food Regulations allow the words beer, lager, ale or stout on a label only for a drink that meets the beer standard of more than 2% alcohol, and a soft drink may use the word beer only for ginger beer, ginger ale and root beer. We found no category for a beer-style drink brewed to stay at 0.5% or less, and how the Ministry of Health labels such a drink is not verified.","In Malaysia, alcoholic beverages, and dealcoholised ones, may not be sold to anyone under 21, must be displayed apart from other food, and must carry a warning that drinking liquor can harm health."],"sources":[{"label":"Food (Amendment) (No. 3) Regulations 2025, P.U.(A) 345/2025, Ministry of Health Malaysia","url":"https://hq.moh.gov.my/fsq/xs/dl.php?filename=P.U.+%28A%29+345+%282025%29+MINUMAN+BERALKOHOL.pdf","kind":"primary"},{"label":"Food (Amendment) (No. 2) Regulations 2020, P.U.(A) 171/2020, regulation 386B, Ministry of Health Malaysia (list of gazetted amendments)","url":"https://hq.moh.gov.my/fsq/pewartaan-pindaan-peraturan","kind":"primary"},{"label":"Food Regulations 1985, regulations 360, 361 and 374 (consolidated to January 2014, as filed with the WTO)","url":"https://www.importlicensing.wto.org/sites/default/files/members/91/Regulation%20No.437%20-%20Food%201985_01.01.2014.pdf","kind":"primary"}]},{"id":"indonesia","name":"Indonesia","region":"Southeast Asia","url":"https://getsoma.store/non-alcoholic-beer-rules#indonesia","alcoholic_from":"The 2013 Presidential Regulation defines an alcoholic beverage by fermentation and sets no lower limit. Its lowest class covers drinks of up to 5%.","non_alcoholic_label_terms":"No legal term found. Halal rules list drinks with 0.5% alcohol or more as non-halal material.","sale_rules":"Alcoholic beverages may be sold only in licensed places. How drinks at 0.5% or less are treated is not verified.","detail":["In Indonesia, Presidential Regulation No. 74 of 2013 defines an alcoholic beverage as a drink containing ethanol made by fermentation, with or without distillation. It sets no lower alcohol limit, and its lowest class, Group A, covers drinks of up to 5%. We found no legal definition of non-alcoholic beer, and how the authorities treat drinks at 0.5% or less is not verified.","Indonesia's halal law requires products sold in the country to be halal-certified, and products made from materials that are not halal must carry a \"NON HALAL\" statement instead. A 2026 regulation of the halal agency, BPJPH, lists drinks containing 0.5% alcohol or more among non-halal materials. Food and drink from micro and small businesses must be certified by 17 October 2026, and the deadline for food and drink from abroad is to be set by the minister by the same date.","The Indonesian Ulema Council (MUI) has ruled that food and drink named after forbidden drinks, such as beer, may not be consumed, and its halal inspection body has said that products sold as \"0% beer\" cannot be certified halal. The halal section below quotes these rulings."],"sources":[{"label":"Presidential Regulation No. 74 of 2013 on the Control and Supervision of Alcoholic Beverages, Articles 1, 3 and 7","url":"https://jdih.surabaya.go.id/uploads/peraturan/perpres_67.pdf","kind":"primary"},{"label":"Law No. 33 of 2014 on Halal Product Assurance, Articles 4 and 26","url":"https://halalmui.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/05/Undang-undang-RI-No-33-tahun-2014-Jaminan-Produk-Halal-1.pdf","kind":"primary"},{"label":"Government Regulation No. 42 of 2024 on Halal Product Assurance, Article 160","url":"https://halalmui.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/05/Salinan_PP_Nomor_42_Tahun_2024_tentang_Bidang_Penyelenggaraan_Jaminan_Produk_Halal_ce371e0e1e-1.pdf","kind":"primary"},{"label":"BPJPH Regulation No. 3 of 2026 on non-halal statements, Article 15","url":"https://halalmui.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/05/Peraturan_BPJPH_No-3-tahun-2026-Tentang-BENTUK-DAN-TATA-CARA-PENCANTUMAN-KETERANGAN-TIDAK-HALAL.pdf","kind":"primary"}]},{"id":"singapore","name":"Singapore","region":"Southeast Asia","url":"https://getsoma.store/non-alcoholic-beer-rules#singapore","alcoholic_from":"More than 0.5% ethanol by mass or volume is liquor.","non_alcoholic_label_terms":"Not yet verified. Singapore's Food Regulations could not be read.","sale_rules":"Licensing, trading-hours and public-drinking rules apply to liquor only, so not to drinks at 0.5% or below.","detail":["In Singapore, the Liquor Control (Supply and Consumption) Act 2015 defines liquor as a beverage containing more than 0.5% ethanol by mass or volume. A drink at or below 0.5% is not liquor, so the Act's licensing, trading-hours and public-drinking rules do not reach it.","We have not yet verified how Singapore's Food Regulations label beer-style drinks at or below 0.5%, or whether any age rule applies to buying them."],"sources":[{"label":"Liquor Control (Supply and Consumption) Act 2015, section 2, Singapore Statutes Online","url":"https://sso.agc.gov.sg/Act/LCSCA2015?ProvIds=pr2-","kind":"primary"}]},{"id":"thailand","name":"Thailand","region":"Southeast Asia","url":"https://getsoma.store/non-alcoholic-beer-rules#thailand","alcoholic_from":"Above 0.5 degree. Since 8 November 2025, drinks at 0.5 degree or less are outside the alcohol control law.","non_alcoholic_label_terms":"No legal term found. The 0.5 line excludes drinks from the definition of alcohol; it is not a product name.","sale_rules":"Rules on sale age (20), places and hours apply only above 0.5. Advertising a product that uses an alcoholic drink's name or mark is banned.","detail":["In Thailand, an amendment to the Alcoholic Beverage Control Act that took effect on 8 November 2025 excludes beverages with an alcohol content of 0.5 degree or less from the definition of an alcoholic beverage. The degree is commonly read as percent by volume, although the Act does not define it. The Act's rules on the sale age of 20, places of sale and hours of sale therefore do not apply to such drinks as products.","The same amendment added section 32/3, which bans advertising any product that uses the name or mark of an alcoholic beverage in a way that may be understood as advertising that alcoholic beverage. On its wording, this can reach a non-alcoholic drink sold under a beer's name. Food labels in Thailand must be in Thai."],"sources":[{"label":"Alcoholic Beverage Control Act (No. 2) B.E. 2568 (2025), sections 2, 4 and 27 (new section 32/3), Royal Gazette, 9 September 2025 (Thai)","url":"https://ratchakitcha.soc.go.th/documents/83910.pdf","kind":"primary"},{"label":"Ministry of Public Health Notification No. 450 B.E. 2567 on labelling of food in containers, Thai FDA (English translation)","url":"https://food.fda.moph.go.th/media.php?id=657392349080592384&name=P450_EN.pdf","kind":"primary"}]},{"id":"vietnam","name":"Vietnam","region":"Southeast Asia","url":"https://getsoma.store/non-alcoholic-beer-rules#vietnam","alcoholic_from":"No 0.5% line. The alcohol harm law defines beer as a malt drink containing food-grade alcohol, with no minimum.","non_alcoholic_label_terms":"No legal term found for non-alcoholic beer (bia không cồn).","sale_rules":"Selling, supplying or promoting beer to under-18s is banned. Whether this reaches beer of 0.5% or less is not stated.","detail":["In Vietnam, the Law on Prevention and Control of Harmful Effects of Alcoholic Beverages (Law No. 44/2019/QH14) defines beer as a fermented malt drink containing food-grade alcohol, with no minimum strength and no 0.5% line. We found no legal term for non-alcoholic beer (bia không cồn), so the law does not say whether a beer of 0.5% or less is covered.","The same law bans selling, supplying or promoting beer to anyone under 18 and bans selling it from vending machines, and Decree 24/2020 requires online sellers to check that the person receiving the order is 18 or over. Labels on goods sold in Vietnam must be in Vietnamese."],"sources":[{"label":"Law No. 44/2019/QH14 on Prevention and Control of Harmful Effects of Alcoholic Beverages, Articles 2 and 5, Official Gazette (Vietnamese)","url":"https://congbaocdn.chinhphu.vn/CongBaoCP/VanBan/2019/6/29251/27285-1-2019559-56044-2019-qh14.pdf","kind":"primary"},{"label":"Decree 24/2020/ND-CP, Articles 3 and 6 (Vietnamese)","url":"https://datafiles.chinhphu.vn/cpp/files/vbpq/2020/02/24.signed.pdf","kind":"primary"},{"label":"Decree 111/2021/ND-CP on labelling of goods (Vietnamese)","url":"https://datafiles.chinhphu.vn/cpp/files/vbpq/2021/12/111.signed.pdf","kind":"primary"}]},{"id":"philippines","name":"Philippines","region":"Southeast Asia","url":"https://getsoma.store/non-alcoholic-beer-rules#philippines","alcoholic_from":"We found no legal line for alcohol content. The excise tax on beer and other fermented liquors has no threshold.","non_alcoholic_label_terms":"No legal term found. Labels must not suggest a product that the food could be confused with.","sale_rules":"Not verified for non-alcoholic beer.","detail":["In the Philippines, we found no statute, regulation or national standard that defines non-alcoholic beer or sets an alcohol line for it. The excise tax on \"beer, lager beer, ale, porter and other fermented liquors\" in section 143 of the National Internal Revenue Code sets no threshold for alcohol content, and the Department of Health's labelling rules require alcoholic beverages to state their alcohol content without defining an alcoholic beverage.","The same labelling rules say a prepackaged food must not be presented in words or pictures that suggest another product it could be confused with. We have not verified how these rules, or the rules on sale to minors, apply to non-alcoholic beer."],"sources":[{"label":"Department of Health Administrative Order No. 2014-0030 on labelling of prepackaged food (FAO copy)","url":"https://faolex.fao.org/docs/pdf/phi174223.pdf","kind":"primary"},{"label":"Republic Act No. 11467 (2020), amending section 143 of the National Internal Revenue Code (Lawphil copy)","url":"https://lawphil.net/statutes/repacts/ra2020/ra_11467_2020.html","kind":"secondary"}]},{"id":"brunei","name":"Brunei","region":"Southeast Asia","url":"https://getsoma.store/non-alcoholic-beer-rules#brunei","alcoholic_from":"The law does not define liquor by alcohol content. The Syariah Penal Code uses \"liquor or intoxicating drink\" without defining it.","non_alcoholic_label_terms":"None found. The customs line for non-alcoholic beer is not on the list of alcoholic drinks that need permits.","sale_rules":"A Muslim may not make, sell, buy or possess liquor or an intoxicating drink. Rules for non-alcoholic beer are not verified.","detail":["In Brunei, the Syariah Penal Code Order 2013 makes it an offence for a Muslim to make, sell, buy or possess any liquor or intoxicating drink, and for anyone to sell or serve it to a Muslim, but it does not define liquor by alcohol content.","The Royal Customs and Excise Department's list of alcoholic drinks that need import permits covers beer, shandy and the other alcoholic headings, but not the customs line for non-alcoholic beer. We found no official statement on whether non-alcoholic beer may be brought in or sold."],"sources":[{"label":"Syariah Penal Code Order 2013 (S 69/2013), sections 2 and 104, Attorney General's Chambers","url":"https://www.agc.gov.bn/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/S-69-2013-SYARIAH-PENAL-CODE-ORDER-2013.pdf","kind":"primary"},{"label":"Royal Customs and Excise Department, list of controlled alcoholic beverages, 2026","url":"https://www.customs.gov.bn/wp-content/uploads/2026/03/HSC-F-Alcoholic-Beverages.pdf","kind":"primary"}]},{"id":"japan","name":"Japan","region":"East Asia","url":"https://getsoma.store/non-alcoholic-beer-rules#japan","alcoholic_from":"1% ABV or more is liquor (酒類) under the Liquor Tax Act.","non_alcoholic_label_terms":"No legal term. The industry's joint code uses ノンアルコール (non-alcohol) only for drinks at 0.00%.","sale_rules":"No liquor licence is needed below 1%. The industry code asks shops to check age (20 and over), but this is voluntary.","detail":["In Japan, a drink counts as liquor (酒類) when it contains 1% alcohol by volume or more, under Article 2 of the Liquor Tax Act. Selling liquor needs a licence from the local tax office, so a drink under 1% falls outside that licensing rule.","Japanese law does not define non-alcoholic beer. The term comes from a voluntary code shared by nine national alcohol-industry associations, last revised on 1 July 2026. The code calls a drink a ノンアルコール飲料 (non-alcohol beverage) only if it is at 0.00%, tastes like liquor and is meant for people aged 20 and over. It sets no term for drinks between 0.00% and 1%.","Under the same code, these drinks must say on the container that they are for people aged 20 and over, must not use the brand name of an alcoholic drink, and should be shelved and sold with an age check, as liquor is. These are industry commitments rather than law. We found no law that stops the sale of drinks under 1% to people under 20."],"sources":[{"label":"Liquor Tax Act (Act No. 6 of 1953), Articles 2 and 9, e-Gov","url":"https://laws.e-gov.go.jp/law/328AC0000000006","kind":"primary"},{"label":"Voluntary Standards on the Advertising and Promotion of Liquor and the Labelling of Liquor Containers, Liaison Council on Drinking, revised 1 July 2026 (Japanese)","url":"https://rcaa.jp/standard/pdf/jishukijun.pdf","kind":"primary"},{"label":"Act on the Prohibition of Drinking by Persons under Twenty (Act No. 20 of 1922), e-Gov","url":"https://laws.e-gov.go.jp/law/211AC1000000020","kind":"primary"}]},{"id":"south-korea","name":"South Korea","region":"East Asia","url":"https://getsoma.store/non-alcoholic-beer-rules#south-korea","alcoholic_from":"1% ABV or more is liquor (주류) under the Liquor Tax Act.","non_alcoholic_label_terms":"무알코올 (\"alcohol free\") must add \"for adults\"; 비알코올 (\"nonalcoholic\") must add \"contains less than 1% ethanol\".","sale_rules":"The ban on sales to under-19s covers liquor only. We found no law that extends it to drinks under 1%.","detail":["In South Korea, a drink counts as liquor (주류) when it contains 1% alcohol by volume or more, under Article 2 of the Liquor Tax Act.","The Ministry of Food and Drug Safety sets the label words for drinks below that line. A drink labelled 무알코올 (in the ministry's official English, \"alcohol free\") must add \"for adults\" (성인용). A drink labelled 비알코올 (\"nonalcoholic\") must add \"contains less than 1% ethanol\" in a colour that stands out from the background. When it tested these products in 2024, the ministry treated 무알코올 as under 0.001% ethanol and 비알코올 as 0.001% to under 1%.","The Juvenile Protection Act bans selling liquor to people under 19, and the ban is written for liquor as the Liquor Tax Act defines it. We found no law that extends it to drinks under 1%, although the \"for adults\" label still applies and many shops check age anyway."],"sources":[{"label":"Liquor Tax Act, Article 2 (Act No. 20618), Korean Law Information Center","url":"https://www.law.go.kr/LSW/lsInfoP.do?lsiSeq=267559&efYd=20250101","kind":"primary"},{"label":"Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, Labeling Standards of Foods, Etc. (Notification No. 2022-66), official English translation","url":"https://www.mfds.go.kr/eng/brd/m_15/view.do?seq=72446","kind":"primary"},{"label":"Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, Inspection Directive 2024-74 on products labelled 무알코올, 19 July 2024 (Korean)","url":"https://www.mfds.go.kr/brd/m_1105/view.do?seq=33714","kind":"primary"},{"label":"Juvenile Protection Act, Articles 2 and 28 (Act No. 21277), Korean Law Information Center","url":"https://www.law.go.kr/LSW/lsInfoP.do?lsiSeq=281963&efYd=20260701","kind":"primary"}]},{"id":"china","name":"Mainland China","region":"East Asia","url":"https://getsoma.store/non-alcoholic-beer-rules#china","alcoholic_from":"We found no single legal line. The national beer standard counts non-alcohol beer as a kind of beer.","non_alcoholic_label_terms":"无醇啤酒 (non-alcohol beer): 0.5% ABV or less. 低醇啤酒 (low-alcohol beer): 0.6% to 2.5% ABV.","sale_rules":"Not yet verified.","detail":["In mainland China, the national beer standard GB/T 4927-2008 defines 无醇啤酒 (non-alcohol beer) as beer with 0.5% alcohol by volume or less and an original wort strength of at least 3.0°P. It defines 低醇啤酒 (low-alcohol beer) as beer with 0.6% to 2.5%. The standard counts non-alcohol beer as a kind of beer.","A revised standard, GB/T 4927-2025, was issued on 31 December 2025 and takes effect on 1 January 2027. A provincial market regulator's explainer says it keeps the 0.5% ceiling for non-alcohol beer.","In August 2026, Beijing's market regulator issued a consumer notice saying that non-alcohol beer is not free of alcohol. It said a \"0.0%vol\" label means less than 0.05% by volume, which is the limit of what instruments can measure, rather than none at all. We have not yet verified China's rules on selling these drinks to minors or on advertising them."],"sources":[{"label":"GB/T 4927-2008 Beer and GB/T 4927-2025, National Public Service Platform for Standards Information","url":"https://openstd.samr.gov.cn/bzgk/gb/std_list?p.p1=0&p.p90=circulation_date&p.p91=desc&p.p2=4927","kind":"primary"},{"label":"GB 4927-2008 Beer, approval-draft text (Chinese), clauses 3.5.3 and 3.5.4","url":"https://law.resource.org/pub/cn/ibr/gb.4927.c.2008.pdf","kind":"secondary"},{"label":"Gansu Market Supervision and Administration Bureau explainer on GB/T 4927-2025, The Paper, 4 February 2026 (Chinese)","url":"https://m.thepaper.cn/newsDetail_forward_32530714","kind":"secondary"},{"label":"Beijing Municipal Administration for Market Regulation consumer notice on non-alcohol beer, Guangming Online, 4 August 2026 (Chinese)","url":"https://m.gmw.cn/2026-08/04/content_38926022.htm","kind":"secondary"}]},{"id":"hong-kong","name":"Hong Kong","region":"East Asia","url":"https://getsoma.store/non-alcoholic-beer-rules#hong-kong","alcoholic_from":"More than 1.2% ethyl alcohol by volume is liquor.","non_alcoholic_label_terms":"No legal term. A drink at 1.2% or below is not liquor.","sale_rules":"The 2018 ban on selling to under-18s, the vending-machine ban and the remote-sale age declaration cover liquor only.","detail":["In Hong Kong, \"liquor\" means a liquid with more than 1.2% ethyl alcohol by volume, under section 2 of the Dutiable Commodities Ordinance (Cap. 109). A drink at 1.2% or below is not liquor, and no Hong Kong law we read defines non-alcoholic beer.","Since 2018, businesses in Hong Kong may not sell or supply intoxicating liquor to anyone under 18. They may not sell it from vending machines, and they need an age declaration for remote sales such as online orders. These rules apply only to intoxicating liquor, so they do not reach drinks at or below 1.2%."],"sources":[{"label":"Dutiable Commodities Ordinance (Cap. 109), section 2, Hong Kong e-Legislation","url":"https://www.elegislation.gov.hk/hk/cap109","kind":"primary"},{"label":"Dutiable Commodities (Liquor) Regulations (Cap. 109B), Part 5, Hong Kong e-Legislation","url":"https://www.elegislation.gov.hk/hk/cap109B","kind":"primary"}]},{"id":"taiwan","name":"Taiwan","region":"East Asia","url":"https://getsoma.store/non-alcoholic-beer-rules#taiwan","alcoholic_from":"More than 0.5% ABV is an alcohol product (酒).","non_alcoholic_label_terms":"No legal term. A drink at 0.5% or below is not an alcohol product.","sale_rules":"Alcohol products may not be sold online, by mail order or by vending machine. Whether the under-18 rule reaches drinks at 0.5% or below is not verified.","detail":["In Taiwan, a drink is an alcohol product (酒) only when its alcohol content is more than 0.5% by volume, under Article 3 of the Tobacco and Alcohol Administration Act and Article 2 of the Tobacco and Alcohol Tax Act. We found no legal term for non-alcoholic beer, and a drink at or below 0.5% is not an alcohol product under either Act.","In Taiwan, alcohol products may not be sold by vending machine, mail order, online shopping or any other method that cannot check the buyer's age, and alcohol advertising must say that drink-driving is prohibited. These rules are written for drinks above 0.5%. We have not verified whether the separate ban on supplying alcohol to people under 18 reaches drinks at or below 0.5%."],"sources":[{"label":"Tobacco and Alcohol Administration Act, Articles 3, 30 and 37, Laws and Regulations Database","url":"https://law.moj.gov.tw/LawClass/LawAll.aspx?pcode=G0330011","kind":"primary"},{"label":"Tobacco and Alcohol Tax Act, Article 2, Laws and Regulations Database","url":"https://law.moj.gov.tw/LawClass/LawAll.aspx?pcode=G0330010","kind":"primary"},{"label":"Protection of Children and Youths Welfare and Rights Act, Article 43, Laws and Regulations Database","url":"https://law.moj.gov.tw/LawClass/LawAll.aspx?pcode=D0050001","kind":"primary"}]}],"halal_standards":{"url":"https://getsoma.store/non-alcoholic-beer-rules#halal","detail":["Halal authorities in Asia and the Middle East have published different positions on trace alcohol in drinks, and several of them also look at whether a product is named or styled after beer. This section quotes what each body has published, with a link. SOMA is under 0.5% ABV, which is a trace and not zero, and it is not halal-certified. Whether any non-alcoholic beer is acceptable is a religious judgement for the reader and their scholar.","In Malaysia, JAKIM's halal certification manual says that products whose names refer to or resemble non-halal products cannot be certified, and it lists beer, ale, lager and stout among those names. Malaysia's National Fatwa Committee decided in 2011 that a soft drink with less than 1% alcohol, made without the purpose of producing liquor, may be drunk, and that a drink made with the same intention and method as liquor is forbidden.","In Indonesia, the Indonesian Ulema Council (MUI) ruled in Fatwa No. 10 of 2018 that a fermented drink with less than 0.5% alcohol is halal if it is medically harmless, and that one with 0.5% or more is forbidden. Its Fatwa No. 4 of 2003 says that food and drink using the names of forbidden drinks, such as beer, may not be consumed. Its halal inspection body, LPPOM, has said that products sold as \"0% beer\" cannot be certified for that reason.","In the Gulf, the standard on alcohol residues in food, GSO 2538:2021, was written by the Gulf standards body's halal committee and lists fatwas issued in Gulf countries among its references. Its limits are not published; a US government summary gives 0.1% for juices and 0.02% for most other foods. In Saudi Arabia, a 2013 Ministry of Commerce notice, citing a fatwa of the Permanent Committee for Scholarly Research and Ifta, barred the use of wine names on food, including the phrase \"wine without alcohol\".","In Thailand, the Halal Affairs Department of the Central Islamic Committee allows flavours and colours that use alcohol as a solvent only if the alcohol left in the final product does not exceed 0.5%. The Thai Agricultural Standard on halal food, TAS 8400-2025, says that any product or drink with alcohol as a component is prohibited food under Islamic law.","In Singapore, the Islamic Religious Council (Muis) allows ethanol only as a solvent for flavouring, with no more than 0.5% in the flavouring and no more than 0.1% in the finished product. The Muslim.Sg religious guidance website says that the Muis Fatwa Committee does not permit Muslims to drink products marketed as non-alcoholic beer, wine or spirits."],"sources":[{"label":"JAKIM, Malaysian Halal Certification Procedure Manual (Domestic) 2020, procedure 6 and Appendix A (Malay)","url":"https://www.halal.gov.my/pdf/panduan/MPPHMDomestik2020.pdf","kind":"primary"},{"label":"Federal Territories Mufti Office, Irsyad al-Fatwa No. 290, reproducing the National Fatwa Committee's 2011 decision on alcohol, 8 February 2019 (Malay)","url":"https://muftiwp.gov.my/artikel/irsyad-fatwa/irsyad-fatwa-umum/3097-irsyad-al-fatwa-siri-ke-290-hukum-pewarna-makanan-20-peratus-alkohol","kind":"secondary"},{"label":"MUI Fatwa No. 10 of 2018 on food and drink containing alcohol or ethanol (Indonesian)","url":"https://halalmui.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/Fatwa-MUI-No.-10-Tahun-2018-tentang-Makanan-dan-Minuman-Mengandung-Alkohol.pdf","kind":"primary"},{"label":"MUI Fatwa No. 4 of 2003 on halal standardisation (Indonesian)","url":"https://halalmui.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/Standarisasi-Fatwa-Halal.pdf","kind":"primary"},{"label":"LPPOM, \"Bir 0% Alkohol, Bisakah Disertifikasi Halal?\", 16 August 2022 (Indonesian)","url":"https://halalmui.org/bir-0-alkohol-bisakah-disertifikasi-halal/","kind":"primary"},{"label":"GSO 2538:2021, Halal Products: maximum limits for residues of ethyl alcohol in food, GCC Standardization Organization catalogue","url":"https://www.gso.org.sa/store/standards/GSO:793177/GSO%202538:2021?lang=en","kind":"primary"},{"label":"Saudi Ministry of Commerce, notice on wine names on foodstuffs, 6 November 2013","url":"https://mc.gov.sa/en/mediacenter/News/Pages/6nov.aspx","kind":"primary"},{"label":"Central Islamic Committee of Thailand, Halal Affairs Department Announcement No. 10/2564, 28 December 2021 (Thai)","url":"https://www.halal.or.th/storages/documents/manage/158_17.pdf","kind":"primary"},{"label":"Thai Agricultural Standard TAS 8400-2025, Halal Food, clause 3.3.5.2 (Thai)","url":"https://www.halal.or.th/storages/documents/manage/250_221.pdf","kind":"primary"},{"label":"Muis, Office of the Mufti, fatwa on ethanol (English), updated 21 February 2025","url":"https://www.muis.gov.sg/resources/khutbah-and-religious-advice/fatwa/ethanol--english/","kind":"primary"},{"label":"Muslim.Sg, answer on products marketed as non-alcoholic beer, wine or spirits","url":"https://muslim.sg/commonly-asked-Islam-questions/there-are-some-products-marketed-as-non-alcoholic-beverages-wine-beer-spirits-are-they-permissible-for-muslim-consumption","kind":"secondary"}]}}